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The
Dardanelles (
Turkish language:
Çanakkale Boğazı, Greek Language:
Δαρδανέλλια,
Dardanellia), formerly known as the
Hellespont(Greek Language:
Eλλήσποντος,
Hellespontos), is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the
Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It is located at approximately . The strait is 61 kilometers (38 mi) long but only 1.2 to 6 kilometers (0.75 to 4 mi) wide, averaging 55 meters (180 ft) deep with a maximum depth of 82 meters (300 ft). Water flows in both directions along the strait, from the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean via a
surface current and in the opposite direction via an undercurrent.
Like the
Bosporus, it separates Europe (in this case the Gallipoli peninsula) and the mainland of
Asia. The strait is an
International waterway, and together with the Bosporus, Dardanelles connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.
The Turkish name
Çanakkale Boğazı is derived from the major city adjoining the strait,
Çanakkale (which takes its name from its famous
castles;
kale means "castle"). The name
Dardanelles derives from
Dardania (Anatolia), an ancient Greek city on the Asian shore of the strait.
History
The strait has long had a strategic role in history. The ancient city of Troy was located near the western entrance of the strait and the strait's Asiatic shore was the focus of the Trojan War. It was also the scene of the legendary Greek story of Hero and Leander. The
Persian Empire army of
Xerxes I and later the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great crossed the Dardanelles in opposite directions to invade each other's lands, in 480 BC and 334 BC respectively. The Dardanelles were vital to the defense of
Constantinople during the
Byzantine Empire period, and since the 14th century they have almost continuously been controlled by the Turks.
Gaining control or special access to the strait became a key foreign policy goal of the Russian Empire during the 19th century. During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia — supported by United Kingdom in the
Dardanelles Operation — Battle of the Dardanelles (1807) in 1807. Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829, in 1833 Russia forced the Turks to sign the Treaty of Hunkiar Iskelesi which required the straits to be closed to warships of non-Black Sea powers at Russia's request. This would have effectively given Russia a free hand in the Black Sea.
The treaty alarmed the Western powers, who feared the consequences of potential Russian expansionism in the Mediterranean could conflict with their own possessions and economic interest in the region. At the London Straits Convention in July 1841, the
United Kingdom, France,
Austria and Prussia forced Russia to agree that only Turkish warships could traverse the Dardanelles in peacetime. The United Kingdom and France subsequently sent their fleets through the straits to attack Crimea during the Crimean War in
1853, though this was done as allies of the Ottoman Empire. This convention was formally reaffirmed by the Congress of Paris in 1856, following the Russian defeat in the Crimean War, and it remained theoretically in force into the
20th century.The Allies made a failed attempt to seize the Dardanelles during
World War I, seeking to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the conflict. The
Dardanelles Campaign damaged the career of
Winston Churchill, the
First Lord of the Admiralty who eagerly promoted the use of
Royal Navy battleships to force open the straits. The straits were mined to prevent Allied ships from penetrating them, although a British submarine did succeed in evading the minefields and sank a Turkish battleship off the
Golden Horn in Istanbul. Sir Ian Hamilton's
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was unsuccessful in its attempt to capture the Gallipoli peninsula, and a withdrawal was ordered in January 1916.
Following the war, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres demilitarized the strait and made it an international territory under the control of the
League of Nations. This was amended under the
1923 Treaty of Lausanne which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships to traverse the straits freely. Turkey rejected the terms of this treaty and subsequently remilitarized the area. The reversion to this old regime was formalised under the Montreux Convention of July 1936. The convention, which is still in force today, treats the straits as an international shipping lane but Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non-
Black Sea nations (like Greece or
Algeria). During
World War II, when Turkey was neutral for almost the entire length of the conflict, the Dardanelles were closed to the ships of the belligerent nations.
See also
Trivia
- The University of Washington fight song Bow Down to Washington includes the lyrics "It's harder to push them over the line than pass the Dardanelles."
References
External links
- Pictures of the city of Çanakkale
- Pictures of Çanakkale - Dardanelles
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University
The
Dardanelles (
Turkish language:
Çanakkale Boğazı, Greek Language:
Δαρδανέλλια,
Dardanellia), formerly known as the
Hellespont(Greek Language:
Eλλήσποντος,
Hellespontos), is a narrow
strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It is located at approximately . The strait is 61 kilometers (38 mi) long but only 1.2 to 6 kilometers (0.75 to 4 mi) wide, averaging 55 meters (180 ft) deep with a maximum depth of 82 meters (300 ft). Water flows in both directions along the strait, from the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean via a
surface current and in the opposite direction via an
undercurrent.
Like the
Bosporus, it separates
Europe (in this case the Gallipoli peninsula) and the mainland of
Asia. The strait is an International waterway, and together with the Bosporus, Dardanelles connects the Black Sea to the
Mediterranean Sea.
The Turkish name
Çanakkale Boğazı is derived from the major city adjoining the strait, Çanakkale (which takes its name from its famous
castles;
kale means "castle"). The name
Dardanelles derives from
Dardania (Anatolia), an ancient Greek city on the Asian shore of the strait.
History
The strait has long had a strategic role in history. The ancient city of
Troy was located near the western entrance of the strait and the strait's Asiatic shore was the focus of the Trojan War. It was also the scene of the legendary Greek story of
Hero and Leander. The
Persian Empire army of Xerxes I and later the
Macedonian army of Alexander the Great crossed the Dardanelles in opposite directions to invade each other's lands, in 480 BC and 334 BC respectively. The Dardanelles were vital to the defense of
Constantinople during the
Byzantine Empire period, and since the
14th century they have almost continuously been controlled by the Turks.
Gaining control or special access to the strait became a key foreign policy goal of the
Russian Empire during the 19th century. During the
Napoleonic Wars, Russia — supported by
United Kingdom in the Dardanelles Operation — Battle of the Dardanelles (1807) in
1807. Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the
Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829, in 1833 Russia forced the Turks to sign the Treaty of Hunkiar Iskelesi which required the straits to be closed to warships of non-Black Sea powers at Russia's request. This would have effectively given Russia a free hand in the Black Sea.
The treaty alarmed the Western powers, who feared the consequences of potential Russian expansionism in the Mediterranean could conflict with their own possessions and economic interest in the region. At the
London Straits Convention in July
1841, the
United Kingdom, France, Austria and
Prussia forced Russia to agree that only Turkish warships could traverse the Dardanelles in peacetime. The United Kingdom and France subsequently sent their fleets through the straits to attack
Crimea during the
Crimean War in
1853, though this was done as allies of the Ottoman Empire. This convention was formally reaffirmed by the Congress of Paris in 1856, following the Russian defeat in the Crimean War, and it remained theoretically in force into the 20th century.The Allies made a failed attempt to seize the Dardanelles during
World War I, seeking to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the conflict. The Dardanelles Campaign damaged the career of Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty who eagerly promoted the use of Royal Navy battleships to force open the straits. The straits were mined to prevent Allied ships from penetrating them, although a British submarine did succeed in evading the minefields and sank a Turkish battleship off the
Golden Horn in Istanbul. Sir Ian Hamilton's
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was unsuccessful in its attempt to capture the Gallipoli peninsula, and a withdrawal was ordered in January
1916.
Following the war, the 1920
Treaty of Sèvres demilitarized the strait and made it an international territory under the control of the League of Nations. This was amended under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships to traverse the straits freely. Turkey rejected the terms of this treaty and subsequently remilitarized the area. The reversion to this old regime was formalised under the Montreux Convention of July 1936. The convention, which is still in force today, treats the straits as an international shipping lane but Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non-
Black Sea nations (like Greece or
Algeria). During World War II, when Turkey was neutral for almost the entire length of the conflict, the Dardanelles were closed to the ships of the belligerent nations.
See also
Trivia
- The University of Washington fight song Bow Down to Washington includes the lyrics "It's harder to push them over the line than pass the Dardanelles."
References
External links
- Pictures of the city of Çanakkale
- Pictures of Çanakkale - Dardanelles
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles is a 61km (28 mile) strait between Europe and Asiatic Turkey. The maximum width is 7km and in the area known as the Narrows, the distance is no more than 1,600 ...
Gallipoli: The Drama of the Dardanelles
Well presented collection of information on the battle, produced jointly by the (british) Imperial War Museum and the Australian War Memorial in 2000.
Straits : British Policy towards the Ottoman Empire and the Origins of ...
STRAITS: British policy towards the Ottoman Empire and the Origins of the Dardanelles Campaign © Geoffrey Miller
Dardanelles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Dardanelles (Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı, Greek: Δαρδανέλλια, Dardanellia), formerly known as the Hellespont (Greek: Ελλήσποντος, Hellespontos), is a ...
The Dardanelles
possesses the soaring energy and endearing naivety of early U2"- Don O' Mahoney, Evening Echo.
First World War.com - Battles - The First and Second Naval Bombardment ...
First World War.com - Battles - The First and Second Naval Bombardment of the Dardanelles, 1915 ... Battles: The First and Second Naval Bombardment of the Dardanelles, 1915
MySpace.com - DARDANELLES - MELBOURNE, AU - Industrial / Gospel - www ...
MySpace music profile for DARDANELLES with tour dates, songs, videos, pictures, blogs, band information, downloads and more
Dardanelles Strait - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Dardanelles ...
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Dardanelles Strait. Dardanelles Strait. Information about Dardanelles Strait in the Hutchinson encyclopedia.
Dardanelles
The operations on the Gallipoli Peninsula did not involve the 6th Battalion, York & Lancashire Regiment until the landings at Suvla Bay in August 1915.
Dardanelles definition of Dardanelles in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia article about Dardanelles. Information about Dardanelles in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
